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War of 1812
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This article is about the Anglo-American War of 1812 to 1815. For Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, see French invasion of Russia.
War of 1812
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington. Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814, restored.
Date June 18, 1812 – March 23, 1815
Location Eastern and Central North America, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Result Treaty of Ghent
Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
United States
Choctaw
Cherokee
Creek allies British Empire:
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Flag of the United Kingdom Canadian Provinces
Shawnee
Creek Red Sticks
Ojibway
Chickamauga
Fox
Miami
Mingo
Ottawa
Kickapoo
Delaware (Lenape)
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot
Commanders
Flag of the United States James Madison
Flag of the United States Henry Dearborn
Flag of the United States Jacob Brown
Flag of the United States Winfield Scott
Flag of the United States Andrew Jackson Flag of the United Kingdom Lord Liverpool
Flag of the United Kingdom George Prevost
Flag of the United Kingdom Isaac Brock †
Flag of the United Kingdom Roger Sheaffe
Flag of the United Kingdom Gordon Drummond
Tecumseh †
Strength
Flag of the United States United States
•Regular Army:
— 7,000 (at start of war);
— 35,800 (at war’s end)
•Rangers: 3,049
•Militia: 458,463 *
•United States Navy,
•United States Marines &
•Revenue Cutter Service (at start of war):
— Frigates: 6
— Other vessels: 14
Native allies: 125 Choctaw, (unknown others) [1] Flag of the United Kingdom British Empire
•British Army:
— 5,200 (at start of war);
— 48,160 (at war’s end)
•Provincial Regulars: 10,000
•Provincial Militia: 4,000
•Royal Navy &
•Royal Marines:
— Ships of the Line: 11
— Frigates: 34
— Other vessels: 52
•Provincial Marine‡:
— Ships: 9 (at start of war)
Native allies: 10,000[2]
Casualties and losses
2,260 killed in action.
4,505 wounded.
Approx. 17,000 died from disease (estimated).[3] 1,600 killed in action.
3,679 wounded.
3,321 died from disease.
* Very few militia members left their homes to fight in the war’s campaigns.
† Killed in action
‡A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes.
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St. Lawrence/Lake Champlain frontier
1st Sackett’s Harbor – Gananoque – 1st Lacolle Mills – Lake Ontario – Elizabethtown – Ogdensburg – York – Sackett’s Harbor – Chateauguay – Crysler’s Farm – 2nd Lacolle Mills – Fort Oswego – Big Sandy Creek – Plattsburgh
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Niagara campaigns
Queenston Heights – Fort George – Stoney Creek – Beaver Dams – Fort Niagara – Port Dover – 1st Fort Erie – Chippawa – Lundy’s Lane – 2nd Fort Erie – Cook’s Mills
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Detroit frontier
Tippecanoe – 1st Mackinac Island – Brownstown – Maguaga – Fort Dearborn – Detroit – Fort Harrison – Fort Wayne – Spur’s Defeat – Mississinewa – Frenchtown – Fort Meigs – Fort Stephenson – Lake Erie – Thames – Longwoods – Prairie du Chien – 2nd Mackinac Island – Lake Huron – Malcolm’s Mills
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Chesapeake campaign
Craney Island – St. Michaels – Chesapeake Bay Flotilla – Bladensburg – Washington – Alexandria – Caulk’s Field – North Point – Baltimore
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American South
Creek War – Pensacola – 1st Fort Bowyer – New Orleans – Fort St. Philip – 2nd Fort Bowyer
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Naval Campaign
USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere – Capture of HMS Frolic – USS United States vs HMS Macedonian – USS Constitution vs HMS Java – Sinking of HMS Peacock – Capture of USS Chesapeake – Capture of USS Argus – Capture of HMS Boxer – Capture of HMS Epervier – Chesapeake Bay Flotilla – Capture of USS President – Capture of Cyane – Capture of HMS Penguin
The War of 1812, between the United States of America and the British Empire (particularly Great Britain and British North America), was fought from 1812 to 1815.
There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war: first, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France, a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law);[4] second, the impressment (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the Royal Navy; third, the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest.[5] An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as the Chesapeake affair).[6]
American expansion into the Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin) was impeded by Indian raids. Some Canadian historians in the early 20th century maintained that Americans had wanted to seize parts of Canada, a view that many Canadians still share, while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip.[7] Some members of the British Parliament at the time[8] and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke[9] claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration. Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade, they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors. The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large “neutral” Indian state that would cover much of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference, but lost battles that would have validated their claims.[10]
The war was fought in four theatres: on the oceans, where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other’s merchant shipping; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S., which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British, who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war; on the long frontier, running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec); and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. During the course of the war, both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other’s territory, all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success. At the end of the war, the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit, but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war.
In the United States, battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore (which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner) produced a sense of euphoria over a “second war of independence” against Britain. It ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings,” in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished. Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity. Britain, which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe, was less affected by the fighting; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States.
My apologies, the mouse moved too far to the left when I copied and pasted- those little notes are from underneath the picture on the left of the article.
I’m here for the cookout…
Someone said the partisan trolls here were especially nutritious roasted.
If you post it, they will come.
Nutritious but not delicious is what I hear.
That was artisan rolls that were nutritious, the partisan trolls from both sides are just empty calories.
But where is Waldo?
linky
Maybe Bruce Willis will break in with a sword and save him.
“I dropped my contact. Nobody move.”
I dropped my glasses at both a Butthole Surfers show, and a Dropkick Murphys show, while being in the crush right near the front. Both times I got my glasses back without them being harmed. Punk show crowds are my friends!
My sons got me hooked on Dropkick Murphys and Flogging Molly. I love both bands!
FUKC! I DROPPED MY ACID!!!
…Oh good, it has kicked in now…
LSD EMERGENCY
“GIMME AN “F” !!!!
Hey! There I am! I’m the one with the white shirt.
Hey! There you are! You’re the one with the asinine comments and the inane web address.
Igor The Vigorous you given here such a good story for the World war. makefunofmyfriend i didnt see u there, i think u r an invisible person..
Speak.. English…
And it wasn’t a World War… Nor was it a story, it was an ordinal post..